having written是什么时态 ,这是什么时态英语怎么说

本文目录

1.这是什么时态英语怎么说

2.我想知道动名词和现在分词

3.现在分词的被动语态和过去分词的区别

4.动名词的用法

这是什么时态英语怎么说

时态就是所处时间的状态，主要分为三种，你可以在纸上画一条水平线，然后把直线分为三段，分别为过去式，现在式，未来式。每个段分别又有不同的状态，过去式包括：过去完成时、过去式、过去进行时并一直延续到现在；现在式包括：现在完成时、现在时、现在进行时并有可能延续到将来；未来式包括：未来时及未来进行时。大致就这几种，很容易区分的。就像你上面提到的：Having written letters to each other for a year, we met for the first time yesterday。Having+过去完成时=过去完成进行时，他是过去进行时的变异，因为后面 we met for the first time yesterday表明动作已经结束。

我想知道动名词和现在分词

非谓语动词的形式变化：
不定式主动被动
一般 to write to be written
进行 to be writing /
完成 to have written to have been written
完成进行 to have been writing /

现在分词主动被动
一般 writing being written
完成 having written having been written

过去分词一般 written

动名词主动被动
一般 writing being written
完成 having written having been written

分词

分词是由动词 +ing 或动词 + ed 构成，它在句中起形容词或副词的作用，可以作定语，表语，状语。

working worked washing washed

分词可分为现在分词和过去分词两种，现在分词的形式同动名词一样，在动词后面加 ing 。而过去分词的形式则在动词后面加 ed. 分词在句中可作定语，状语或表语。

分词作定语

China is a developing country.

中国是一个发展中国家。

That\'s an interesting story.

这是一个有趣的故事。

The girl singing for us is ten years old.

给我们唱歌的女孩十岁了。

作定语的分词要放在被修饰的名词之前，如果是分词词组则放在被修饰的名词之后，如被修饰的名词是 something, anything, everything, nothing 等，分词放在被修饰名词的后面。

The working people have played a great role in the activity.

工人在这次活动中起主要作用。

The boy hurt by the car was sent to the hospital immediately.

被汽车撞伤的小孩马上被送到了医院。

There is nothing interesting.

没什么有趣的事。

分词和动名词都可以作定语，判断是分词还是动名词，可以根据它们和被修饰词有无逻辑上的主谓关系来判断，有主谓关系的是分词，否则判断为动名词。

a swimming girl 游泳的女孩。（分词）

a swimming pool 游泳的池子（动名词）

分词作状语

Being a student, he likes to help others.

作为一个学生，他喜欢帮助别人。

Wearing a new pair of glasses, she can read easily.

戴了一副新眼镜，她看书就好多了。

She is there waiting for us.

她在那儿等我们呢。

Told by the teacher, she knew she was wrong.

经老师一说，她知道自己不对。

分词作表语

The story is interesting .

故事有趣。

We are interested in computer.

我们对计算机感兴趣。

The glass is broken.

玻璃杯破了。

The water is boiled.

水是开的。

分词作宾语补足语

可以跟宾语补足语的谓语动词有 see, watch, hear, set, keep, find, have, get 等词。

I saw him walking in the street.

我看见他在街上走。

I heard them singing in the classroom.

我听见他们在教室里唱歌。

We found the boy sleeping.

我们发现小孩睡着了。

have 后面的宾语补足语用过去分词常表示动作不是句子的主语发出的，而是由别人做的。

I have my hair cut.

我理发了。（是别人给我理发）

She has her bike repaired.

她把自行车修理了。（别人修理的）

They have their house rebuilt.

他们重修了房子。

分词的否定形式。not + 分词

Not knowing what to do next, she stopped to wait.

不知道下一步干什么，她停下来等着。

Not having finished the homework, the little girl doesn\'t dare to go to school.

小女孩没完成作业不敢去学校。

分词的时态

分词的一般时表示动作同谓语动词的动作同时发生或之前发生。

Seeing the teacher is coming, the students stopped playing.

看到老师进来，学生们停下来不玩了。

Coming into the room, he lied on his bed.

回到家后，他就躺在床上。

分词的完成时表示的动作在谓语动词的前面发生。

Having received a latter, I knew everything is all right.

收到一封信后，我知道一切都很好。

Having had my supper, I went out for a walk.

晚饭后，我出去散步了。

Having known that he won the match, he threw the cap into the sky.

他知道自己比赛获胜，高兴地把帽子扔上了天。

分词的被动形式

分词的被动形式表示分词动作同所修饰的名词有一种被动关系。

The entertainment building being built will be completed next year.

正在建设的娱乐大楼明年完工。

现在分词的被动语态和过去分词的区别

现在分词和过去分词主要的区别表现在语态和时间关系上。1)语态上不同：现在分词表示主动的意思，而过去分词多由及物动词变来，表示被动的意思。试比较：surprising 使人感到惊讶的(主动)surprised 自己感到惊讶的(被动，即被惊讶的)an exciting story 一个令人兴奋的故事(主动)excited spectators 激动的观众(被动，即被引起激动的)a moving film 一部感动人的影片。A moved audience 受感动的观众A tiring journey 累人的旅行A tired football player 累了的足球运动员He told us many interesting things last night.他昨夜告诉我们许多有趣的事情。She is interested in astronomy. 她对天文学有兴趣。也有一些过去分词是由不及物动词变来的，它们只表示一个动作已完成，没有被动的意味。如：the risen sun 升起的太阳fallen leaves 落叶the exploded bomb 已爆炸了的炸弹a retired miner 退休矿工returned students 归国留学生2)时间关系上不同：一般说来，现在分词所表示的动作往往正在进行，而过去分词所表示的动作，往往已经完成。试比较：the changing world 正在变化着的世界the changed world 已经起了变化的世界boiling water 正在开的水boiled water 已经煮开过的水(可能是凉开水)developing countries 发展中国家developed countries 发达国家分词和分词短语的用法1) 作定语作定语用的分词如果是单词，一般放在它所修饰的名词之前。如：I’m reading a very interesting book.我在读一本很有趣的书。He likes to drink cold boiled water. 他喜欢喝凉开水。分词短语作定语用时，一般皆放在它所修饰的名词的后面。它的功用相当于定语从句。如：China is a developing socialist country belonging to the Third world.中国是一个发展中的社会主义国家，属于第三世界。(= which belongs to the Third World)The man sitting it the corner is my brother.坐在角落里的那个人是我的兄弟。(= who is sitting in the comer)Most of the people invited to the party did not come.被邀请参加晚会的人多数没有来。(= who were invited to the party.)2)作表语The opera is very moving and instructive. 这个歌剧很动人，且有教育意义。The cups are broken. 这些杯子是破的。He is married.他已经结婚了。[注] 分词作表语用时，相当于形容词，不可与进行时态和被动语态中的分词混淆起来。它们的形式相似，但可以从意义上加以辨别。试比较：Lei Feng’s spirit is inspiring the people all over the country. 雷锋的精神鼓舞着全国人民。(现在进行时)His report is inspiring. 他的报告令人鼓舞。(现在分词作表语)The road was completed by the PLA men.这条路是解放军战士修成的。(被动语态)The road is completed.这条路已经筑成。(过去分词作表语)3)作状语分词在意义上也可用作状语，表示时间、原因、方式和伴随情况等。a)表示时间(在意义上往往相当于表示时间的状语从句)。如：Looking out of the window，I saw groups of children passing by the house.我从窗口望出去，看见成群的孩子们从房子前面走过。(= When I locked out of the window)Heated，the l expands.这种金属加热后即膨胀。(= When it is healed)Opening the drawer he took out a dictionary.他打开抽屉，拿出一本词典。(= He opened the drawer and took...这两个动作是一个接着一个)[注]如果要强调分词短语与谓语动词所表示的时间关系，分词短语之前可用when或while等连词。如：While working in the factory (= While I was working in the factory)，I learnt a lot from the workers.我在工厂工作期间，从工人那里学到了很多东西。When heated，the l expands.这种金属加热后即膨胀。b)表示原因(在意义上相当于表示原因的状语从句)。如：Feeling tired, I telephoned and said I couldn’t come to a hospital of Chinese medicine.我感到累，打电话说我不能去。(= Since I felt tired)Thinking that Chinese medicine might help，he went to a hospital of Chinese medicine.他想中医也许有效，于是到一家中医医院去治病。(= As he thought that...)Inspired by the excellent situation they worked even harder.在太好形势的鼓舞下，他们更加努力工作。(= Since they are inspired by...)c)表示方式、伴随情况及结果(这种用法没有相当的状语从句可以代替)。如：He came running back to tell us the news.他跑着回来告诉我们这个消息。(方式)She stood there waiting for the bus.她站在那儿等公共汽车。(伴随情况或方式)The child fell，striking head against the door and cutting it.小孩摔了一跤，头在门上碰破了。(结果)He went out slamming the door.他走出去砰地一声把门关上。(伴随情况)The lichens came borne by storms.这些地衣是由暴风雨带来的。(方式)分词的否定结构现在分词的否定式由not后加现在分词构成。如：Not knowing what to do，she went to the teacher for help.她不知道该怎么办，就去请老师帮助。I left at noon，not staying for lunch.我是中午走的，没有留下来吃午饭。过去分词表否定时，常借助un-等前缀表示。如：The boy was left uncared for.那孩子无人照管。含有分词的复合宾语分词可作复合宾语中的宾语补足语。可有这种复合宾语的动词有see，watch，hear，set，keep，find，have，get等等。如：We saw them walking across the road.我们看见他们穿过那条马路。We heard the children singing “I Love Beijing’s Tian An Men”我们听见孩子们唱《我爱北京天安门》。I found my hometown almost completely rebuilt.我发现故乡几乎全部改建过了。在have或get后面的复合宾语中，宾语补足语多是过去分词，而它所表示的动作又往往由别人所完成。如：We must get the television set repaired.我们必须把电视机修好。(请别人修)I had my watch mended in town.我在城里修的表。(叫别人修的)If we have shortcomings，we are not afraid to have them pointed out and criticized.我们如果有缺点，就不怕别人批评指出。(请别人指出)但have的复合宾语中的过去分词的动作有时不一定由别人来完成，而是表自己的经验。如：He had his arm broken.他把手臂折断了。(不是别人给弄折的，而是自己弄折的)[注一]上述句子结构变为被动语态时，除主语和宾语互换位置外，分词不动。如上面的第一、二例句即可变为：They were seen walking across the road.The children were heard singing“I Love Beijing Tian An Men”。[注二]现在分词在复合宾语中和动词不定式在复合宾语中的意义稍有不同。后者指事情的全过程，目的在于仅仅说明发生了这件事；前者指正在继续的动作的一部分，目的在于将该动作当时进行的情景呈现于读者之前，其含义相当于进行时态。如：I saw him go upstairs.我看见他上楼去了。(看见他上楼整个过程，只说明他上楼这件事)I saw him going upstairs.我看见他走上楼的。(只看见他上楼这个动作的一部分，说明他上楼的情景)I was working in the room all morning" I heard somebody All knock at the next door.我整个上午在房间工作，听见有人敲隔壁房间的门。(听见敲门整个过程)When I went back to the room，I heard her practicing singing in the next room.我回房间时听见她在隔壁房间练歌。(只听见一部分，回房间前她已开始唱了)现在分词的时态过去分词没有时态形式的变化，所以这里只讲现在分词的时态形式。1)现在分词的时态形式一般式writing完成式having written2)现在分词一般式其所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，或在谓语动词所表示的动作之前或后发生。如：Working together with Dr. Bethune，we learnt a lot from him.我们在和白求恩大夫一起工作期间，向他学到很多东西。(working与leamt同时发生)Knowing that they were going abroad next week ，they began to make preparations.他们知道他们下星期要出国，所以都开始作准备。(knowing发生在began之前)He came up to me，saying“Glad to see you again.”他来到我跟前说道，“很高兴又见到你。”(saying发生在came之后)3)现在分词完成式其所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，常常用作状语，表示时间或原因。如：Having done his homework，the schoolboy began to write his diary.这个小学生做完作业后，开始写日记。(having done his homework发生在began之前，表示时间。)Not haying done it right, I tried again.没有做对，我就又试。(not having done发生在 tried之前，表示原因。)现在分词的被动语态一般式being written完成式having been written如：This is one of the many dams being built the river.这是沿河修筑的许多水坝之一。Being surrounded，the enemy troops were forced to surrender.敌军被包围了，被迫投降。Having been asked to stay，I couldn’t very well leave.人家请我留下，我就不好离开了。

动名词的用法

[编辑本段]动名词的作用　　动名词具有名词的性质,因此在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语等. 作主语　　Reading is an art. 读书是一种艺术. 　　Climbing mountains is really fun. 爬山真是有趣　　Working in these conditions is not a pleasure but a suffer. 在这种工作条件下工作不是一件愉快的事而是一件痛苦的事. 　　动名词作主语,在动词的基础上加Ing,是该动词或动词短语,有名词的各种特征,可作名词灵活使用.如：　　It is no use/no good crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收　　It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us. 劝说这样的人加入真是浪费时间. 　　It was hard getting on the crowded street car. 上这种拥挤的车真难. 　　It is fun playing with children. 和孩子们一起玩真好. 　　There is no joking about such matters. 对这种事情不是开玩笑. 　　动名词作主语的几种类型　　动名词可以在句子中充当名词所能充当的多种句子成分.在这里仅就动名词在句子中作主语的情况进行讨论. 　　动名词作主语有如下几种常见情况：　　1. 直接位于句首做主语.例如：　　Swimming is a good sport in summer. 　　2. 用 it 作形式主语,把动名词(真实主语)置于句尾作后置主语. 　　动名词做主语时,不太常用 it 作先行主语,多见于某些形容词及名词之后.例如：　　It is no use telling him not to worry. 　　常见的能用于这种结构的形容词还有：better,wonderful,enjoyable,interesting,foolish,difficult,useless,senseless,worthwhile,等. 　　注意：important,essential,necessary 等形容词不能用于上述结构. 　　3. 用于“There be”结构中.例如：　　There is no saying when he'll come.很难说他何时回来. 　　4. 用于布告形式的省略结构中.例如：　　No smoking ( =No smoking is allowed (here) ). （禁止吸烟）　　No parking. （禁止停车）　　5. 动名词的复合结构作主语　　当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时,常可以在前面加上一个名词或代词的所有格,构成动名词的复合结构(——这时,名词或代词的所有格做动名词的逻辑主语).动名词的复合结构也可以在句中作主语.例如：　　Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us. 　　6.例词　　shopping fishing cycling这些都是很常见的动名词　　　二、动名词作主语与动词不定式作主语的比较　　动词不定式和动名词都可以用作主语.在意义上相近.但动名词多用来表示泛指或抽象动作,不定式多用来表示特指或具体动作.比较：　　Smoking is not good for health. 　　It is not good for you to smoke so much. 　　注意：　　1)在口语中,用动名词作主语位于句首的较不定式多见. 　　2)在“It is no use...”,“It is no good...”,“It is fun...”,“It is a waste of time...”等句型中,通常用动名词作真实主语：　　It is no use/good/a waste of time talking about that. 　　*It is no use/good/a waste of time to talk about that. 　　3)在疑问句中,通常用动名词的复合结构,而不用不定式的复合结构作主语：　　Does your saying that mean anything to him? 　　*Does for you to say that mean anything to him? 　　4)在“There be”句型中,只能用动名词,而不能用不定式作主语：　　There is no telling what will happen. 　　It is impossible to tell what will happen. 　　5)当句子中的主语和表语都是非限定动词时,要遵循前后一致的原则,主语和表语在形式上要求统一：　　Seeing is believing. 　　*To see is to believe. 作宾语　　（1）作动词的宾语　　某些动词后出现非限定性动词时只能用动名词作宾语,不能用不定式.常见的此类动词有：advise, allow, permit, avoid, consider, enjoy, finish, give up, cannot help, imagine, include, keep, keep on, mind, miss, put off, delay, practise, resist, suggest, depend on, think about, set about, succeed in, worry about, burst out, insist on, can’t stand, be used to, get used to, devote…to…, look forward to, pay attention to, get down to,escape 等.如：　　They went on walking and never stopped talking. 　　他们继续走,说个不停. 　　I found it pleasant walking along the seashore. 　　在海滩上走真是乐事. 　　Mark often attempts to escape being fined whenever he breaks traffic regulations. 　　每当马克违反交通规则时,他常常企图逃避罚款的处分. 　　（2）作介词的宾语　　We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term. 我们正考虑为下学期制定新的计划. 　　Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work? 我们休息呢还是开始干活? 　　（3）作形容词的宾语　　The music is well worth listening to more than once. 这种曲子很值得多听几遍. 　　We are busy preparing for the coming sports meet. 我们正为马上到来的运动会忙着做准备. 作表语　　动名词作表语时句子主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句.表语动名词与主语通常是对等的关系,表示主语的内容,主语、表语可互换位置. 　　Your task is cleaning the windows. 你的任务就是擦窗户.(Cleaning the windows is your task.) 　　What I hate most is being laughed at. 我最痛恨的就是被别人嘲笑. (Being laughed at is what I hate most.) 作定语　　动名词作定语往往表示被修饰词的某种用途.如：　　a walking stick ＝a stick for walking=a stick which is used for walking 　　a washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washing 　　a reading room=a room for reading=a room which is used for reading 　　a measuring tape=a tape for measuring=a tape which is used for measuring 　　sleeping pills=pills for sleeping=pills which is used for sleeping [编辑本段]动名词的逻辑主语　　带有逻辑主语的动名词称为动名词的复合结构.当动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时,要在动名词之前加上物主代词或名词所有格,这便构成了动名词的复合结构.其中物主代词（名词所有格）是逻辑上的主语,动名词是逻辑上的谓语.动名词复合结构在句中可作主语、宾语、表语等,分别相当于一个主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句.如：　　Her coming to help encouraged all of us. 他来帮忙鼓舞了我们所有人. (=That she came to help encouraged all of us.) 　　Jane’s being careless caused so much trouble. 简的粗心惹来了不少麻烦. (=That Jane was careless caused so much trouble.) 　　What’s troubling them is their not having enough food. 烦扰他们的是食物不足. (=What’s troubling them is that they have not enough food.) 　　在口语中,如果动名词复合结构作宾语,其中的物主代词常用人称代词宾格,名词所有格常用名词普通格来代替,但在句首作主语时不能这样来代替.如：　　Would you mind my/me using your computer? 用下你的电脑介意吗? 　　The father insisted on his son’s/his son going to college. 爸爸坚决要求儿子上大学. 　　Mary’s (不可用Mary) being ill made her mother upset. 玛丽病了,使她妈妈很着急. 　　His (不可用Him)smoking made his family angry. 他抽烟使他一家人非常生气. 　　在下列情况下动名词的逻辑主语必须用名词的普通格或人称代词宾语：　　a.无命名词　　The baby was made awake by the door suddenly shutting. 这个婴儿被猛烈的关门声吵醒. 　　b. 有生命名词但表示泛指意义　　Have you ever heard of women practising boxing? 你听说过妇女练拳击吗? 　　c. 两个以上的有生命名词并列　　Do you remember your parents and me telling about this? 你记得你父母和我都告诉过你这事吗? [编辑本段]动名词的时态和语态　　动名词的时态和语态如下：　　时态　　主动语态　　被动语态　　一般式　　writing 　　being written 　　完成式　　having written 　　having been written 　　其否定形式是在doing前加上not 　　1、动名词一般式表示的动作通常是一般性动作,即不是明确地发生在过去、现在或将来的动作,或是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的动作.如：　　I hate talking with such people. 我讨厌与这样的人说话. 　　Being careless is not a good habit. 粗心不是一个好习惯. 　　2、动名词的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前.如：　　I don’t remember having met him before. 我记不得以前见过他. 　　Thank you for having taking so much trouble to help. 谢谢你费力帮忙. 　　3、动名词的逻辑主语同时也是动名词动作的承受者,动名词用被动语态. 　　（1）它的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生,或在其前发生.如：　　I don’t like being laughed at in public. 在公共场合下,我不喜欢被别人嘲笑. 　　（2）它的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前.如：　　I am very pleased at your having been honoured with a medal. 我很高兴你能获得这样的奖牌. 　　（3）在某些动词,我们常用动名词的一般式表示完成式,尽管动作发生在谓语动词动作之前,这似乎是一种强大的习惯.如：　　Excuse me for being late. 我来晚了请你原谅. 　　I don’t remember ever meeting somewhere. 我记不得原来在什么地方见过. 　　Thank you for giving us so much help. 谢谢给我们这么大的帮助. 　　（4）在多数情况下都避免使用动名词被动语态完成式,而用一般式代替,以免句子显得累赘,尤其是在口语中.如：　　I forget once being taken (having been taken ) to the city zoo. 我曾被带到过这个动物园,可我忘了. 　　（5）动名词被动语态一般式与现在分词被动语态一般式同形,但无进行意义,being不可省略.如：　　She is afraid of being taken to the public. 她怕被领到大众面前. [编辑本段]常见题型　　1）动名词做主语时,谓语动词为单数　　2）在动名词和不定式中,作为介词的宾语是动名词　　3）动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语　　例：　　I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon. 　　A．you to call B．you call C．you calling D．you’re calling（Key：C；换成your calling也对）　　4）有些词后只能接动名词　　admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; can’t help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand... 　　5）另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法　　it’s no good; it’s no/little/hardly any/ use; it’s not/hardly/scarcely use; it’s worthwhile; spend money/time; there’s no; there’s no point in; there’s nothing worse than; what’s the use/point... 　　6）有些词后面加不定式和动名词均可　　remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面均可用不定式和-ing形式,但意义截然不容. 　　例：　　remember to do/doing：　　①I remembered to post the letters.（指未来/过去未来将要做的动作）　　②I remembered posting/having posted the letters.（我记得做过这个动作）　　forget与remember的用法类似. 　　regret的用法：　　①I regret to inform you that…（我很遗憾地通知你……）　　②I regretted having left the firm after twenty years.（为了“二十年前的离开”而遗憾.）　　try to（努力）与try +–ing（试验）：　　①You really must try to overcome your shyness. 　　②Try practicing five hours a day. [编辑本段]动名词与现在分词的同与不同　　动名词它在形式上与现在分词相同,都是在动词原形的词末加-ing.在现代语法中,这两种形式同视为"-ing形式". 这两种形式的另一个相同之处是：它们都是由动词变化而成的,它们都保留了动词的某些特征,它们都能带自己的宾语、状语,而构成动名词短语或是现在分词短语去担当句子成分.例如：　　Speaking in the public , he will surely be very cheerful . 　　（现在分词短语,作状语）他在公众场所讲话时总是兴高采烈的. 　　She hates speaking in the public. 　　（动名词短语,作宾语）她不喜欢在公众场所讲话. 　　区别：　　1?动名词和现在分词都可以用于系动词之后作表语,区别方法是: 　　①作表语的动名词与主语指的是同一件事,此时系动词相当于“是”,通常把主语和表语的位置互换,语法和意思不变,例如: 　　My hobby is swimming.可改为Swimming is my hobby.(可将原句中的主语与表语位置互换) 　　②现在分词作表语主要用以说明主语的性质,不能与主语互换位置,例如: 　　The story is interesting .不可改为:Interesting is the story. 　　2?动名词和现在分词都可以用作定语来修饰名词,两者的区别在于: 　　动名词修饰名词时主要表示该名词的用途,而现在分词修饰名词时性质?状态或动作等?试比较: 　　①a swimming boy和a swimming suit 　　前者的意思是“一个正在游泳的男孩”,即a boy who is swimming ,现在分词swimming 表示被修饰名词boy的动作;而后者的意思是“游泳衣”,即a suit for swimming , 动名词swimming表示suit 的用途? 　　②a sleeping child 和 a sleeping car 　　前者的意思是“一个正在睡觉的孩子”,即a child who is sleeping ,现在分词sleeping 表示被修饰名词 child 正处于的状态;而后者的意思是“卧车(被用来睡觉的车厢)”,即 a car which is used for sleeping ,动名词 sleeping 表示car 的用途?