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Morphology. LI 2013 Nathalie F. Martin. Table of Content. At the end of this chapter you will know: Morphemes Affixation: prefix, suffix, infix, circumfix Compound Words Lexical Categories Derivation Inflection Morphological Typology of Languages Word Formation
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Morphology LI 2013 Nathalie F. Martin
Table of Content At the end of this chapter you will know: • Morphemes • Affixation: prefix, suffix, infix, circumfix • Compound Words • Lexical Categories • Derivation • Inflection • Morphological Typology of Languages • Word Formation • Other morphological phenomenon Reference: O’Grady & al. (2009); Rowe & al. (2012)
I. Morphemes Morphology Simple vs. Complex words Free vs. bound morphemes
Morphology • Morphology: • The analysis of word __________. • The system of categories and rules involved in _______________ and __________________.
Word and Morpheme • Word: the smallest _________ (an element that doesn’t have to occur in a fixed position) • Word simplevs. complex • Ex. • Morpheme: the smallest _________ _________ • Morpheme free vs. bound • Ex. Ex: dinosaurs
Question #1, p.139 O’Grady,2009 Fly Desks Untie Tree Dislike Reuse Triumphed Delight Justly O’Grady, 2009
II. Affixation Root, affix Base Affix: prefix, suffix, infixes & circumfixes
Roots & affixes • Root: Serves as a building block for other words (usually, but not always a free morpheme) • Affix: Bound morphemes added to the root.
Affixation • Prefix: An affix that is attached to the _________of a base, • Ex. re-play. • Suffix: An affix that is attached to the _________of a base. • Ex. kind-ness.
Affixation • Infix: An affix that occur _________a base • Ex: Tagalog: write = sulat/ written = sinulat. • The infix -in- changes the verb from present to past tense. • Circumfixes: Where you _________ ___________(sometimes surrounding the root). • Ex: Arabic: Book = kitab / Wrote = kataba / has been written= kutib • Ex: Hebrew
Hebrew and Affixes The Ancient Hebrew Lexicon of the Bible By Jeff A. Benner
Hebrew and Affixes הִמְטִיר (hee-teer) • This is the verb מטר (M.Th.R) meaning to "rain." The structure of the verb also identifies the verb tense as perfect – he rained. The prefix ה (hee) along with the י (ee) infix, identifies the verb as a hiphil (causative) verb – he made rain, or he caused to rain. But, the preceding word לא negates this verb – he did not cause it to rain. www.ancient-hebrew.org/emagazine/046.doc
Examples of English Affixes • -able • -ing • -ish • -ize • Anti- • Ex- • Re- • In-
Analyzing Word Structure Underline the root. Circle the affix. Draw a structure diagram. Payment Spiteful Suite Fastest Deform Disobey Preplan Optionality Prettier Mistreat Premature
III. Compound Words Closed-form compound Hyphenated compound Open-form compound
Compound Words • Closed-form compound: • Hyphenated compound: • Open-form compound:
What kind of Compound Word is this • Brain waves • Turnstile
What kind of Compound Word is this? • Hair plugs • Fast food
IV. Lexical Categories A small overview
Noun (N) Verb (V) Adjective (A) Preposition (P) Adverb (Adv) moisture, policy melt, remain good, intelligent to, near slowly, now Syntactic Categories (1)
Determiner (Det) Auxiliary (Aux) Conjunction (Con) Interjection the, this, my will, can and, or Oh, goodness sake, whatever Syntactic Categories (2)
Exercise: Word class • betterment • the • him • elegant • inconvenience • eloquently • comply • inasmuch as • over Determine the word class of each of the following words.
V. Derivation English derivational affixes Complex derivation Constraints in derivation Two classes of derivational affixes
Derivation • An affixational process that forms a word with a _____________ and/or ___________ _________from that of it’s base. • Ex:
Examples of English Derivational Affixes • See pages 117 or O’Grady. O’Grady, 2009
Derivation • Illustrated through trees: N V V Af A Af treat ment modern ize
Let’s Practice Underline the root. Circle the base. Draw a structure diagram. Payment Spiteful Suite Fastest Deform Disobey Preplan Optionality Prettier Mistreat Premature
Some examples of English Derivational Morpheme • -ic : Noun Adj • -ly : Adj Adv • -ate : Noun Verb • -ity : Adj Noun • -ship : Noun Noun • re- : Verb Verb • alcohol alcoholic • exact exactly • vaccin vaccinate • active activity • friend friendship • cover recover
Complexe Derivation Words with several layers of structure • Activation: N V A V Af Af Af Act ive ate ion
Constraints on Derivation • The suffix –ant Contest contestant Defend defendant Hunt *Huntant Hunter WHY? The suffix –ant can combine only with ____________________.
Constraints on Derivation • The suffix –en white whiten dark darken green *greenen WHY? The suffix –en can combine only a __________ base that ends in an obstruent. largen ? How about large ? The suffix –en can combine only a __________ _______base that ends in an ________ (Kwary, 2004).
VI. Inflection Inflection Inflections in English
Inflection • The modification of a word’s form to __________the ____________ ________to which it belongs • Ex:
The 9 English Inflectional Morphemes Nouns –s plural –’s possessive Verbs –s third person singular present –ed past tense –en past participle –ing progressive Adjectives –er comparative –est superlative -en past participle
Inflection vs. derivation
It changes the __________and/or the __________of meaning of the word, so it is said to create __________. Ex: It does not change either the ______ __________or the __________________found in the word. Ex: Derivation vs. Inflection (1)
Derivation vs. Inflection (2) • A derivational affix must combine with the base __________an inflectional affix. e.g. neighbour (base) + hood (DA) + s (IA) = neighbourhoods The following combination is unacceptable: neighbour (base) + s (IA) + hood (DA) = *neighbourshood
Derivation vs. Inflection (3) • An inflectional affix in more __________than a derivational affix. EX: the inflectional suffix –s can combine with virtually any noun to form a plural noun. On the other hand, the derivational suffix –ant can combine only with Latinate bases.
Describe the italic affixes: • impossible • terrorized • terrorize • desks • dislike • humanity • fastest
Describe the italic affixes: premature untie darken fallen oxen faster lecturer
The suffix -er • Ex: sin - sinner
VII. Morphological Typology of Languages Analytic (or isolating) languages Synthetic languages: Fusional (or inflectional) languages Agglitinating Languages Polysynthetic languages
Morphological Typology of Languages • Analytic (or isolating) languages • Synthetic languages: • Fusional (or inflectional) languages • Agglitinating Languages • Polysynthetic languages
VIII. Word Formation Compounding Conversion Clipping Blending Back-formation Acronyms Onomatopoeia Eponyms & Trade names Derivation Other word formation processes
1. Compounding • Definition: Two or more words _______ _____________to form a new word. • Examples:
Properties of compounds • Properties of compounds • Lexical category • Stress • Plural
Endocentric vs Exocentric Compounds Note: The meaning of a compound is not always _____________________________. • Coconut oil oil made from coconuts. • Olive oil oil made from olives. • Baby oil • blue-movies • blue-chip oil for babies NOT oil made from babies
2. Conversion • Definition: Assigning an already existing word to a new ____________________. • Examples:
Conversion Taking Nouns and Adjectives and using them as verbs (and conjugating them).
3. Clipping • Definition: Shortening a ______________ by ______________________________ • Examples: • Facsimile • Hamburger • Gasoline • Advertisement
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