昨天段落参考译文：
Aware of the disconnect between this figure and the agreement’s overall goals, negotiators said they would present new, hopefully improved decarbonisation plans every five years, in the hopes that this “ratchet mechanism” would bring the overall 1.5-2°C Paris goals closer.
面对这一估算结果与协议的总体目标之间的差异，与会的各方谈判人员表示他们将力争每五年提出新的、更优的脱碳计划，以期在这一“齿轮机制”推动下能够更接近实现巴黎协议中总体温度升幅在1.5-2℃升幅的目标。
导读
思维导图
Mosy，绘本、演讲、戏剧英文教育践行者
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Up off the couch
挥别诊疗室
英文部分选自经济学人20211113期讣告版块
Aaron Beck
阿伦·贝克
Up off the couch
挥别诊疗室
Aaron Beck, the psychiatrist who developed Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, died on Novermber 1st, aged 100.
2021年11月1日，认知行为疗法的创始人——精神病学家阿伦·贝克去世，享年100岁
By far the youngest of Aaron Beck’s subjects, in the very partial list of patients he had treated for anxiety and phobias in his book, “Cognitive Therapy and the Emotional Disorders” (1976), was an eight-year-old boy. This boy, after weeks in hospital with near-fatal septicaemia, became horribly squeamish about blood, and the smell of ether would make him faint. How was he treated? By learning, whenever he felt faint, to focus on other things, even just naming all America’s presidents in the right order. The feelings still followed him into adulthood, but he then confronted them head-on: by going to Yale Medical School, where the smell of ether was more or less infused in the walls.
阿伦·贝克1976年的著作《认知疗法和情绪障碍》中附有一份患者名单，收录了一小部分由他经手的焦虑症和恐慌症患者。其中的一位八岁男孩，无疑是年龄最小的。败血病差点要了这个男孩的命，住院数周后，他变得十分怕血，乙醚的气味也能让他昏厥。那么贝克是如何治疗他的呢？教他转移注意力。每当感到头晕，就把注意力转移到别的事情上，即便只是按顺序说出美国历任总统的名字。尽管这种感受仍然伴随他直到成年，但他后来选择直面这些感受：他决定去耶鲁医学院就读，因为那里连墙壁都或多或少弥漫着乙醚的气味。
The eight-year-old boy was himself, and that childhood experience was his first brush with the idea that human thinking moved on two parallel tracks. Not conscious and deep subconscious, as Freud had taught, which was the accepted wisdom in the 1950s when he entered the field, but rational thoughts and “automatic” ones, both on the surface. Automatic thoughts were sometimes useful, as when he was driving the car and simultaneously composing the next lecture for his students at Penn University, where he was a professor for half a century. They told him to swerve at a bump, or slow down, without interrupting his flow of ideas. But such thoughts were often distorted, blocking out more rational explanations for the problems that inevitably cropped up in life.
那个八岁男孩就是阿伦·贝克本人。童年的那次经历让他第一次认识到：人类的思维是沿着两条平行轨道运行的。这两条轨道是指人类的理性思维和自动思维，而不是弗洛伊德宣扬的意识和潜意识，尽管那在上世纪50年代贝克刚入行时备受推崇。而且，无论是人类的理性思维还是自动思维，都存在于人类意识的表层，而非脑海深处。自动思维有时很有用，比如在宾夕法尼亚大学执教的50余年间，贝克就常常一边开车，一边构思下一堂课的内容。自动思维会提醒他避让障碍和适时减速，且完全不会打断他的思路。但是自动思维也常常带来扭曲的结论，在遭遇不可避免的人生难题时，总会屏蔽掉更为理性的原因分析。
A man might fret, for example, that his wife had not said goodbye to him as he left for work. Did it mean she no longer loved him? Was he actually unlovable? The rational explanation might be that she had left milk boiling on the stove. But the negative thoughts crowded in first, and could lead to full-blown depression. Just one misinterpretation could convince a beautiful woman that she was ugly and a teenager that she was fat, and the damage was done. Anxiety attacks and phobias were usually triggered not by the thing itself, such as a high balcony, but by a lively negative (and statistically very unlikely) thought of tumbling over the rail.
举例来说，一个准备出门上班的男人，可能会因妻子没跟自己道别而烦恼。他也许会纠结：这是否意味着她不再爱自己了吗？亦或是自己不再招人喜爱？虽然理性的人会认为，许是她的炉子上还热着牛奶。但是，负面结论总是率先占领脑海，这甚至可能导致严重的抑郁症。仅仅一次理解偏差，就足以令一位女性觉得自己很丑陋，或是令一位少女觉得自己偏胖。不过是一念之差，就足以令人受伤害。引发焦虑和恐惧的往往并非事物本身，而是由此滋生的负面想法。譬如阳台的栏杆虽高，但从概率上看并无危险，可大脑就是忍不住冒出可能从栏杆跌落的念头。
He concluded that distorted surface thoughts, rather than Freud’s long-buried childhood traumas and Oedipal desires, explained almost all emotional disorders. To each condition he applied scientific rigour and plain New England common sense, besides writing clear, simple manuals for therapists. As the years passed, his Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (cbt) was found to be widely effective—needing far fewer sessions than Freudian analysis, and lasting longer. It became, and remains, the most popular treatment for depression and anxiety in the Western world.
这句话留给大家呀~除了给心理治疗师们编写清晰易懂的治疗手册，他在分析每一类病症时都结合了科研的严谨精神和新英格兰人的常识。随着时间的推移，人们发现由贝克倡导的认知行为疗法（cbt）在大多数情况下都十分有效。且较之弗洛伊德的精神分析疗法，认知行为疗法疗程更短，疗效更为显著持久。如此一来，认知行为疗法也日渐成为西方人治疗抑郁症和焦虑症的首选。
His method was gentle and collaborative. He dressed nattily, with colourful bow ties, and his bright blue eyes were kind. Rather than making his patients lie on a couch and free-associate, as Freudian analysts did, he invited them to sit at a small table just across from him, an intimate space that just had room for a large box of tissues. He was less a clinician than a friend who would help them sort things out together. Then, rather than staying silent, he asked constant questions, gently unpicking their thoughts to expose the distorted ones, and plumbing his patients for evidence. The basis of cbt was empirical, and it was Socratic: “You say you’ve lost everything, but what have you really lost?” “How likely is it that you would die if you went outside?” “When you told me that story, what was really going through your mind?” That was his keystone question, finding the parallel tracks.
他的治疗方法十分温和，且注重与病人的协作。他衣着整洁，系着五颜六色的领结，一双蓝色的眼睛明亮又慈祥。信奉弗洛伊德精神分析法的治疗师，往往让病人躺在沙发上自由联想。贝克则不同，他会邀请病人与他面对面坐在一张小桌旁，两人十分亲密的交谈，小桌上只放得下一大盒抽纸。比起精神治疗师，他更像一位友人，与病患一道解决困难。不过，他并非只是默默倾听，还会不断问询病人，而病人除了给出回应，还需提供症状佐证。如此一来，他就能帮助病人理清思路，扭曲的思想也就无所遁形。认知行为疗法依赖询证，贝克会不断向病人问询，颇有苏格拉底一问到底的气魄。譬如，他会问病人如下问题：“你说你失去了一切，但是你究竟失去了什么?”“你认为自己出去之后就会死的概率有多大?”“当你跟我讲述这个故事的时候，真正划过你脑海的究竟是什么?” 正是基于这些问题，他试图找出病人脑海中那两条平行的轨道。
注：
free-associate：Free association is the expression (as by speaking or writing) of the content of consciousness without censorship as an aid in gaining access to unconscious processes.
Once the fallacies were exposed, patients could begin to help themselves. They were told to note their feelings day by day, and to gather countervailing evidence to their negative thoughts. Severe depressives were trained in “mastery” by being given tasks which, though easy for most people, had become impossible for them: getting out of bed, making a phone call. In 1952 he even successfully treated a young schizophrenic who was convinced he was being followed by government agents. “How would I know what they look like, to help you?” he asked the patient. The patient could not exactly say. But as he was asked each week to describe the agents they became fewer and fewer, until they disappeared.
一旦错误的意识显现出来，患者就可以开始自我救助。他们需要每天记录自己的感受，然后收集能够打消消极思想的证据。重度抑郁患者需要接受“控制力”训练，训练内容是一些大部分人觉得轻而易举的事儿，譬如起床、打电话。可这些事儿对他们来说几乎难于登天。贝克甚至在1952年成功地治愈了一名年轻的精神分裂症患者，这名患者坚信自己被政府特工跟踪。“我要知道他们长什么样子，才能帮助你呀?”贝克如此问到，而这位患者却说不出个所以然来。不过，在贝克要求他每周描述这些特工后，特工们变得越来越少，直到彻底消失。
Hard though it was to credit, this revolutioniser of psychiatry had once been a fervent Freudian. But he became increasingly bothered by the lack of hard science in it, its mantras and ritualism and its cult of celebrity practitioners. Depressives, for example, were said to have turned their hostility towards a parent inward on themselves, but his study of their dreams showed no more hostility there than in anyone else. Depressives and non-depressives alike might dream that they found only an empty Coke machine as they wandered in the desert.
尽管难以置信，但这位精神病学的革命性人物确实曾一度是狂热的弗洛伊德主义者。但他也发现，弗洛伊德的精神分析疗法缺乏充足的科学依据，过于迷信咒语和仪式，还对知名治疗师搞个人崇拜。这些都令他日渐产生质疑。例如，弗洛伊德理论认为抑郁症患者会把他们针对父母的敌意转向自己，但贝克对这些患者梦境的研究表明，他们对自己的敌意并不比对其他人大。抑郁症患者和非抑郁症患者都可能梦到他们在荒漠徘徊时只发现一台空荡荡的可乐售卖机。
He wandered in the desert for a while himself, retreating into private practice, mocked by Freudians and attacked by pharmaceutical firms whose profits from pills he threatened. In a trial in 1977 cbt showed better results than imipramine, the best anti-depressant of the time. So he kept going, busily recording patient data in his own journal, Cognitive Therapy and Research,when no one else would publish him. He was quite certain he was right.
贝克也曾一度在消沉的“沙漠”中徘徊。由于饱受弗洛伊德主义者的冷嘲热讽和利润受损的医药企业的口诛笔伐（他的疗法影响了抗抑郁药物的销量），他选择退守一隅，开设私人诊所。1977年的一项试验显示，认知行为疗法（CBT）比当时最好的抗抑郁药物丙咪嗪疗效还要好。在无人愿意发表他的研究时，他砥砺前行，勤勤恳恳地在自己的杂志《认知治疗与研究》（Cognitive Therapy and Research）上记录着患者的数据。他坚信自己是对的。
But he was not immediately happy. For 40 years he too checked his mood twice a day in the Beck Depression Inventory, and stowed the results in his cellar. The fact was that, though he had a great job, a loving wife and four beautiful children (one of whom, Judith, became a cbt clinician and co-founded his Beck Institute), he still suffered from acute self-criticism. He cared too much for approval, and felt bound not to get it. The cure? Even more determined rationality.
但这并没有让贝克立刻高兴起来。40年来，他使用贝克抑郁症量表，每天两次检查自己的情绪，并把结果放在地下室中。尽管有一份令人羡慕的工作，与妻子琴瑟和谐，四个孩子也乖巧可爱（女儿朱迪思继承了他的衣钵并与他共同创办了贝克研究所），但他依然饱受自我批判之苦。他太在乎别人的认可了，而且觉得自己一定不会得到他们的认可。如何治疗这一问题呢？当然是更加坚定的理性主义。
By the end of his life, nothing daunted his positive outlook. As a boy, his distorted thoughts about blood and ether had been corrected by the actual fact that he had not died, and could busy himself with the future. As an old man, with his horizons narrowing, he had learned to see every mishap not as a loss or as confirmation of some defect, but as an opportunity. If it started to rain just when he was going out, great! All the more time to get that next paper written, and to spread the word still wider.
在生命的最后阶段，再没有什么能影响到贝克积极地笑对人生。孩提时代，现实校正了他对血液和乙醚的扭曲观念——他依然活着，依然可以耕耘自己的未来。当他垂垂老矣，所剩时日无多之时，他才终于学会将人生中的不圆满当作机遇，而非损失或自我有缺的印证。如果要出门的时候开始下雨，那也很好！这样就有了更多地时间来著书立说，将认知行为疗法推广到更广阔的舞台。
翻译组：
奥莉，撸猫狂魔，强迫症患者
Vicky，少儿英语老师+笔译新人
Des，男，自古皆有死，莫不饮恨而吞声
校对组：
Lee，爱骑行的妇女之友+Timberland粉
Francis，高校青椒，研究比较文学的翻译小透明
Qianna，对语言有点敏感，对逻辑十分执拗，对摇滚太过着迷
公益翻译，如果喜欢我们，一键三连走起来٩(◕‿◕｡)۶