(一)
★形容词:
1. 贫穷的: poor = needy = impoverished = poverty-stricken
2. 富裕的: rich = wealthy = affluent = well-to-do = well-off
3. 优秀的: excellent = eminent = top = outstanding
4. 积极的, 好的: good = conducive = beneficial=advantageous
5. 消极的, 不良的: bad = detrimental= baneful =undesirable
6. 明显的: obvious = apparent = evident =manifest
7. 健康的: healthy = robust = sound = wholesome
8. 惊人的: surprising = amazing = extraordinary = miraculous
9. 美丽的: beautiful = attractive = gorgeous = eye-catching
10. 有活力的: energetic = dynamic = vigorous =animated
11. 流行的: popular = prevailing = prevalent= pervasive
★动词:
1. 提高, 加强: improve = enhance= promote = strengthen = optimize
2. 引起: cause = trigger = endanger
3. 解决: solve =resolve =address = tackle =cope with = deal with
4. 拆除: destroy = tear down = knock down = eradicate
5. 培养: develop = cultivate = foster = nurture
6. 激发, 鼓励: encourage = motivate = stimulate = spur
7. 认为: think = assert= hold = claim = argue
8. 完成: complete = fulfill = accomplish= achieve
9. 保留: keep = preserve = retain = hold
10. 有害于: destroy = impair = undermine = jeopardize
11. 减轻: ease = alleviate = relieve = lighten
★名词:
1. 影响: influence= impact
2. 危险: danger = perils =hazard
3. 污染: pollution = contamination
4. 人类: human beings= mankind = human race
5. 老人: old people= the old = the elderly = the aged = senior citizens
6. 幸福: happiness = cheerfulness = well-being
7. 老师: teachers = instructors = educators = lecturers
8. 教育: education = schooling = family parenting = upbringing
9. 青少年: young people = youngsters = youths = adolescents
10. 优点: advantage = merits = superiority = virtue
11. 责任: responsibility = obligation = duty = liability
12. 能力: ability = capacity = power = skill
13. 职业: job = career = employment = profession
14. 娱乐: enjoyment = pastimes = recreation= entertainment
15. 孩子: children = offspring = descendant= kid
★短语:
1. 充满了: be filled with = be awash with = be inundate with = be saturated with
2. 努力: struggle for = aspire after = strive for = spare no efforts for
3. 从事: embark on = take up = set about = go in for
4. 在当代: in contemporary society = in present-day society= in this day and age
5. 大量的: a host of = a multitude of = a vast number of = a vast amount of
(二)
1. individuals, characters, folks = people, persons
2. positive, favorable, rosy (美好的), promising(有希望的), perfect, pleasurable, excellent, outstanding, superior = good
3. dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill (有害的) = bad,
如果bad做表语, 可以用be less impressive替换
e.g. An army of college students indulge themselves in playing games, enjoying romance with girls/boys or killing time passively in their dorms.
When it approaches to graduation, as a result, they find their academic records are less impressive.
4. (an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of, a host of, many, if not most) = many
注: 用many, if not most 一定要小心, many后一定要有词.
e.g. many individuals, if not most, harbor the idea that ….
同理用most, if not all, = most.
5. a slice of, quiet a few, several = some
6. (harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, it is widely shared that, it is universally acknowledged that)替think(因为是书面语, 所以要加that)
7. affair, business, matter = thing
8. shared = common
9. reap huge fruits = get many benefits)
10. for my part, from my own perspective = in my opinion
11. increasing(ly), growing = more and more
(注意没有growingly这种形式.所以当修饰名词时用increasing / growing. 修饰形容词, 副词用increasingly.
e.g. sth. has gained growing popularity
sth. is increasingly popular with the advancement of sth.
12. little if anything, 或little or nothing = hardly
13. beneficial, rewarding = helpful
14. shopper, client, consumer, purchaser, = customer
15. exceedingly, extremely, intensely = very
16. hardly necessary, hardly inevitable = unnecessary, avoidable
17. sth. appeals to sb, sth exerts a tremendous fascination on sb = sb take interest in / sb. be interested in
18. capture one's attention = attract one's attention
19. facet, dimension, sphere = aspect
20. be indicative of, be suggestive of, be fearful of = indicate, suggest, fear
21. give rise to, lead to, result in, trigger = cause
22. There are several reasons behind sth = … reasons for sth
23. desire = want.
24. pour attention into = pay attention to
25. bear in mind that = remember
26. enjoy, possess = have(注意process是过程的意思)
27. interaction = communication
28. frown on sth = be against, disagree with sth
29. to name only a few, as an example = for example, for instance
30. next to / virtually impossible, = nearly / almost impossible
(三)
1. accelerate: 后面接名词, 表示”加速”, 中性词, 好事坏事都能用.
2. adequate: “足够的”, 用来替代经常被使用的enough.
3. advance: 名词, “进步, 发展”, 用来替代文章开头经常使用的development, progress.
4. advisable / sensible / rational: “合理的”, 都可以替代reasonable.
5. cannot afford to: “不应当做”, 不是我们说的”负担不起”.
6. be alert to something: “对…保持警惕”, 后面接消极概念.
7. alternative: “其他的选择或办法”, 比如an alternative is that… 就相当于in addition(除此之外)了.
8. applicable / feasible / workable: 都表示”可行的”, 用在政策, 法令, 手段等词前面做修饰语, 既可增加字长, 又可以提高词汇水平.
9. approach / channel: “方法, 手段”, 用来替代我们经常使用的一些简单词汇, 如method 等等.
10. approve of something: “批准, 同意”, 注意不要忘记介词of.
11. attach importance to something: 表示“重视, 强调”, 替代pay attention to.
12. ban / prohibit something: “禁止, 杜绝”, 表达这个含义时尽量不要使用
stop.
13. barrier / obstacle / impediment: “障碍, 阻碍”, 名词, 在写作考试中经常
被用到.
14. capital / fund: 解决社会问题时一般都会提到需要投资, 可以用到这两个
单词替代money, finance 金融 financial
15. challenging: “困难, 有难度”, 用来替代difficult.
16. in such circumstances: “在这类情况下”, 写作时用于总结某个内容.
17. considerable: “相当大, 相当多的”, 非常常用的修饰语, 比如considerable changes就是相当大的变化.
18. in contrast: “相反”, 用来替代我们经常使用的on the contrary, on the other hand.
19. conversely: “相反地”, 也可以用来替代on the contrary, on the other hand.
20. copy / repeat one’s experience / success: “借鉴别人的经验, 成功经验”.
21. critical: “至关重要的”, 用于替代已经被用滥的important.
22. currently: “目前”, 用来替代now, nowadays.
23. damage: 作为名词, 含义是”损失, 损失金额”, 动词”损坏”的搭配能力非常
强, 和表示物品或抽象概念的词都可以放在一起使用, 因此可以用来替代destroy.
24. decline: “衰退”, 表示数字下降得比较缓慢, 在图表作文中根据图表曲线的实际情况使用, 替代我们使用的普通单词decrease.
25. defect: “缺点, 不足”, 用来替代”shortcoming”. (www.yingyuzuowen.com)
26. demonstrate / illustrate: “说明, 表明”, 用在图表作文中替代show, reveal等单词.
27. depict / portray: “描述, 描绘”, 在漫画作文中替代describe.
28. deteriorate: “恶化”, 用于替代get bad或get worse.
29. devise: “设计, 指定”, 后面可以接表示方法手段的内容.
30. discard / abandon: “放弃, 抛弃”, 用于表达放弃消极想法或做法.
31. dispute: “争端, 冲突”, 用来替代problem, argument.
32. drop: “下降”, 用来替代decrease.这个词表示下降比较快, 如果再用修饰语, 应当是sharply, dramatically, drastically.这三个单词一般都用在消极的单词上.
积极的用greatly.
33. eliminate: “消除”, 用于写作与社会消极问题有关的文章.
34. emerge as: “逐渐崛起并成为”, 这个词组虽然很短, 但是含义非常复杂, 可以用在文章的开头, 表达某种事物或社会现象从无到有, 并迅速传播. 比如:
Internet has emerged as an indispensable channel for people to exchange information.
35. employ: “采纳, 采用”, 与表示”观点, 方法, 政策, 法令”等英语单词搭配使用, 用来替代adopt.
36. enforce: “执行”法律法规, 通常用于作文结束部分, 对某个社会问题提出解决办法时使用.
37. essential: “至关重要, 核心的”, 形容词, 用来替代important.
38. It is generally established that: “众所周知, 公认”.
39. when the situation is reversed: “相反”, 用来替代on the contrary.
40. excessive: “过度的”, 这个词在表达消极概念时都可以做修饰语, 副词形式 excessively, 比如tap”开发”, 就可以说tap something excessively.
41. exchange: 这个词才是文化, 教育等方面的”交流”, 而不是communication.
42. expand: “扩大”, 后面接影响, 范围一类的词汇.
43. facet / factor: “方面, 因素”, 写作时尽量避免使用element, 这个词中国人用得不是很好, aspect因为用的人较多, 也可以避免.
44. fail to do: “没有能够”, 可以适当 = 带有cannot的句子.
45. frequently: “经常”, 替代often, 表示发生频率很高.
46. fresh / novel: “新的”, 比如fresh idea等, 都可以用来替代我们经常使用的new.
47. fulfill: “完成, 取得”, 记住以下词组, fulfill the task, fulfill the dream, fulfill the role.
48. give priority to something: “重视, 优先考虑”.
49. give rise to something: “引发, 导致…的出现”, 积极消极概念都可以使用.
50. given that: “由于…原因”, 可以用在句子的开始位置, 后面接完整的句子, 相当于 because.
51. greatly / remarkably: “非常, 相当”, 作为褒义词, 可以用在表示上升, 前进, 发展等积极含义的单词前面加强程度.
52. guard against: “留心, 警惕”, 后面使用名词型结构.
53. household: “家庭”, 这个词偏重的家庭生活中的设备, 物质概念, 因此, 比如计算机, 汽车等设备进入家庭, 就应当用enter the household, 而不是我们用的home或family.生活垃圾也可以表达为household wastes.
54. be ignorant about something: “对…没有引起足够重视”, 表示没有意识到.
55. incidence: “不良事件”, 比如incidence of pollution, incidence of fake commodity等等, 表示出现上述不良情况.
56. increasingly: “越来越”, 副词, 可以用在动词和形容词前面, 加深程度.
57. indispensable: “不可缺少的, 必须的”, 写作时可以用来做很多名词的修饰语.
58. individualistic / selfish / self-centered: 都是”自私的”含义, 可以交替使用.
59. inspire / stimulate: “鼓励”, 替代encourage.
60. for instance: “例如”, 虽然这个词组我们经常见到, 但很少有人在写作文时用它来替代for example.
61. instruct: “教育”, 名词形式为instruction, 同educate, education交替使用.
62. intend to do: “计划, 打算”, 可以替代be going to等词组, 表达做事的意愿.
63. make investment into: “投资, 投入”, 投资是解决社会问题的一个核心方式, 因此这个词组在英语写作中经常会用到.
64. issue: “问题”, 中性词, 我们平常使用的problem是贬义词, 因此比如网络问题等词组都应当用issue来表达.
65. launch a campaign to do something: “大力开展…活动”.
66. maintain: “一贯认为, 坚持认为”, 一般写成somebody maintains that, 后面使用完整的句子, 用来替代think, believe.
67. major: “主要的”, 用来替代main.
68. major / primary concern: “主要关注点”, 名词, 要说something is somebody’s major concern.
69. misleading: “误导的, 错误的”, 替代wrong.
70. observe: “遵守”, 后面接名词, 如法律法规等.
71. be out of / be short of: “耗尽”/”短缺”, 用来替代lack, 同时提醒大家lack这个词的动词形式在英语中使用的很少.
72. outlook: “前景, 未来”, 用来替代future.当然, 如果用future, 就可以加个修饰语, 比如foreseeable future等等.
73. plummet / slump: “急剧下降”, 图表作文中使用较多.
74. popularize: “推广, 普及”, 很常用的单词, 后面接知识, 道理, 方法, 法律法规等各种词汇.
75. possess: “拥有”, 用于替代have, 既可以表示拥有具体事物, 也可以说拥有抽象品质, 特征.
76. poverty-stricken: “贫困的, 低收入的”, 替代poor.
77. practice: “(广泛, 大范围)的从事”, 常与laws and regulations, policy或其他类似范畴的单词连用, 用来替代carry out.
78. profit: “好处”, 这个词本来是指经济上的利润, 但现在可以用来替代benefit, 表示广义的好处.
79. progress: “发展, 进步”, 可以同advance交替使用, 以避免重复, 并可以替代 development.
80. a range of / a series of / a string of: “一系列”, 特别是后两个单词通常都可以用在消极概念前边, 可以用作修饰语, 增加文章长度.
81. relieve: “减轻, 缓解”, 用于消极概念前, 词组为relieve somebody of something”消除某人的….
82. soar: “迅速上升”, 用于图表作文.
83. strongly recommend that somebody should do something: “强烈要求, 建议”, 这个词的语气其实很强.
84. remain: “一直处于某状态”, 后面一般使用形容词.
85. remedy: “补救措施, 解决办法”, 用于替代solution.
86. resolve difference: “消除分歧, 差异”, 常用写作词组.
87. rewarding: “有收效, 有回报的”, 用在方法手段或政策法规的内容上.
88. shrink: 过去式和过去分词为shrank, shrunk, “缩小, 减少”, 用来替代我们经常使用的decrease.
89. slight / slightly: “稍微, 有点”, 这个词可以在我们写作文时做修饰语, 比如slight difference或drop slightly, 起到增加字长和提高单词水平的作用.
90. strategy: “策略”, 其实也就是”方法手段”的含义, 自然就可以替代method, way等单词.
91. strengthen: “加强, 巩固, 改善”, 同improve交替使用, 以避免重复.
92. sufficient: “足够的”, 用在资金, 资源等单词前做修饰语, 替代enough.
93. system: 这个词的搭配能力非常强, 比如educational system, legal system, economic system等等, 只要形容词后面加上这个词, 其实就成了形容词本身可以变化的名词, 上面三个例子就可以理解为教育, 法律或者经济.
94. threaten: “威胁到, 危及”, 后面接诸如环境, 发展, 进步等单词.
95. traditionally: “过去”, 用于替代in the past.
96. when it comes to something: “当我们谈到…时”, 用于文章开头.
(四)
A. 因果
naturally, as a result, consequently, not surprisingly, quite understandably, predictably, presumably, contribute to, result in, the result can be identified in…, ascribe … to ..., attribute … to …, derive from ..., spring from, arise from,
B. 递进
in addition to that, besides, apart from, let alone, not to mention, quite conscious of, moreover
C. 并列
coupled with, combined with, going hand in hand with, integrated with…, entwined with ...
D. 转折
It is, however, nevertheless, in spite of , regardless of, unaware of, for all that …, heedless of ..., nonetheless
E: 常见得分词汇替代表
(冒号前面的是我们习惯想到的词, 考试中尽量少用！一定要用俺给你推荐
的后面的词去替代前面的哈！mengest!)
we, everyone: any reasonable/sensitive soul/mind, talented minds, elite minds, versatile minds, personality, figures, celebrity, idiots, philosophic minds, genius
more and more: increasingly
big: enormous, tremendous, gigantic, titanic, astronomical, vast, boundless
very: extremely, overwhelmingly, undeniably, remarkably, voluminously, excessively, exceedingly, tangibly, impressively, shockingly
famous: renowned, celebrated, accomplished, distinguished, prominent, eminent, outstanding, preeminent
good: spectacular, amazing, unbelievable, incredible, magnificent, adorable, fantastic, fascinating, admirable, respectable, charitable, adorable, awesome, terrific, majestic
bad: nightmarish, disgusting, despicable, monstrous, appalling, abhorring, repelling, repulsive
important: significant, essential, basic, fundamental, indispensable, crucial, critical, decisive, determinant, dominant, predominant, infallible
say, believe, think: suppose, hold, claim, maintain, presume, assume, contend, argue, declare, I am convinced, conclude,
improve, better: further, promote, enhance, reinforce, strengthen, consolidate, cement, nurture, relieve, recover,
everyone knows: it’s a truth universally acknowledged that, it can never be denied, it is undeniable that, it goes without saying that, it is self-evident that, it is highly advisably, imperative, remarkable that, it comforts one to know that …
F. 顶尖副词:
excessively, unbelievably, shockingly, reasonably, logically, tremendously, remarkably, noticeably, tangibly, perceptibly, hopefully, incredibly, amazingly, fundamentally, excessively, extremely, overwhelmingly, sharply, dramatically, drastically, justifiably, convincingly, ignorantly, fantastically, hardly, barely, sparsely, surprisingly, unexpectedly
G. 列举事例段落常见的开头语:
The case/ story of XXX stands as an undisputed confirmation of … that …
XXX remains a solid evidence of …
Adding further credibility/plausibility to the argument is the story of XXX
My conviction stands on the following three …
H. 动词替代:
1. improve 提高:
promote: 促进AC之间的贸易promote the trade between A and C; He was promoted to senior manager in this company.
advance: our understanding of human genetics has considerably(非常的, 可换作vastly) advanced.
enhance: the publicity has enhanced his reputation. (这次宣传提高了他的名望)
2. change 改变:
transform: 多指改头换面, 完全改变, 不能用于形容slight change.
说到人口变化: the increasing population has transformed the landscape and structure of local industry structure. (人口剧增改变了小镇的景色以及当地的工业结构)
3. emphasize 强调:
highlight: the report highlight the decline in the numbers of native(可以换作local) plants and insects.
stress: He stresses the need for parents to listen to their children.
accentuate: the crisis accentuates the gap between rich and poor.
(highlight and emphasize 的区别: highlight是告诉人们重点, 因而能够让别人注意, 类似于老师勾重点；而emphasize则是使重点清晰, 不管别人是否能注意得到. 而stress则和emphasize差不多)
4. develop培养:
cultivate: cultivate the ability of …
培养情操: cultivate a more relaxed and positive way towards life.
nurture: 养育, 同样可以指培养人才(talents)the sea nurtures ample marine animals.
5. break 破坏:
impair: impair ability; 主要是破坏能力, 莫乱用.
undermine这个词也是指的是抽象意义上的破坏, 有逐渐削弱之意, 重点是循序渐进的过程. Undermine one’s ability/confidence/authority/position/credibility
jeopardize: 不能乱用, 破坏的东西要上一定的等级才能配上此词. 比如:
Jeopardize the process of peace. (破坏和平进程)
devastate特指毁灭, 蹂躏: the earthquake devastated the whole city.
6. keep 保存:
preserve, conserve: 保护资源用的就是这个词, 不要用protect, protect这个词用在保护具体的东西.
7. deal With解决
tackle: tackle the problem
resolve: resolve dispute争论/conflict冲突/problem/issue/crisis危机
来自拉丁语, 比较正式.
8. need 需要:
require: xxx requires courage and confidence.
necessitate: 用法不简单, 没有摸透. Make sure the system has no failing components, particularly those like the motherboard that might necessitate retiring the entire machine. (确保系统没有出现错误的组件，特别是主板这样导致整个机器被淘汰的重要组件.)
call for: (这也是个很高级的用法, 奥巴马就用这个【我不晓得奥巴马咋个用的, 原帖是这样说的, 并且call for也挺正式的】): 跟need一样的用法
I. 形容词替代:
1. everywhere 普遍的:
widespread: 随便用
prevalent: drug abuse is especially prevalent among teenagers.
overflow: 泛滥 the garden is overflew with colors of flowers.
rampant: 特指有害的东西泛滥, 比如疾病, 犯罪等, 并且难于控制. H1n1 Virus is rampant in the world. (甲流世界泛滥)
2. Good 好的(太多了) :
impressive, glorious, amazing, brilliant, incredible, attractive …
beneficial(反义词: detrimental): the drug is beneficial to the immune system.
advantageous: 特指有益的. advantageous industry: 优势产业
3. harmful 有害的:
unfavorable, horrible, disgusting
inhumane: 没人性的:
lousy (I’m fed up with the lousy job.)
severe (severe problem, illness, injuries.)
abysmal (低谷: their performance is abysmal.)
detrimental: smoking is detrimental to your health.
baneful: 现阶段用不到, 文学作品里面的“邪恶”, 完全诘屈聱牙.
4. rich 富有的:
wealthy, Affluent, ample
There are a myriad of stars in the Milky Way. (银河系好多星星啊)
5. poor 贫穷的:
impoverished(动词表示使贫穷): The great depression had impoverished many third world countries.)an impoverished student.
7. serious 严重的:
severe
8. obvious 明显的:
manifest: a manifest error judge明显判断失误;
adv. manifestly e.g. a manifestly unfair system.
apparent, evident
patent: patent impossibilities. 显然不可能的事.
9. cheap 便宜的:
economical: 经济的, 不浪费, 而不是单纯指某物便宜. 经济适用房: economically affordable housing.
inexpensive = cheap
reasonable: 价格合理的. reasonable price
affordable: 能够支付的.
J. 名词替代:
1. forefather 祖先:
ancestor, predecessor
2. difference不同:
gap(简单但是牛)沟, generation gap——very common use in CET-4/6
distinction: sharp/clear distinction between allergy and food intolerance
(TBBT里面的Howard就有lactose intolerance, 一吃peanuts就会肿, 长荨麻疹rash哈哈.)
再想牛就用schism. 比如“填平两个分支学科之间的分歧”: heal the schism between clinical medicine and public health. (有本书就叫这个)
3. crime 犯罪:
delinquency: 一般crime都用不到. 指道德败坏, 违法行为, 为显示词汇量可以与crime连用.
criminal act: 犯罪行为
4. environment 环境:
circumstance: under the circumstances. 相当抽象的词, “情况”.
surrounding: 表示周围居住的环境, 想当具体. nearby可与之互换. the surrounding area.
atmosphere, ambience: 这两个词可互相替代 , 但是当atmosphere表示大气层的意思的时候则不能.
5. pollution 污染:
contamination: 我觉得太装B了, 他的pp还不错: contaminated water——特指被污染的水
6. human 人类:
individual/men/ones/以及一切表示工人, 农民公务员等等的词
the human race
humankind
humanity: 特别指出, 用来表示人性. 其他一概不要用, 虽然也有人之类的意思.
7. danger 危险:
hazard: 化学, 物理危害；隐患: polluted water is a hazard to wild life and nature; safety/nature hazard.
8. in modern society 在当今社会:
in contemporary society
in present-day society
in this day and age(这是最牛的说法)